Schwinger’s proper‑time formalism

E1978739 UNEXPLORED

Schwinger’s proper-time formalism is a quantum field theory technique that represents propagators and effective actions as integrals over an auxiliary “proper time,” enabling elegant calculations of vacuum polarization and pair production in external fields.

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Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian → generalizedBy → Schwinger’s proper‑time formalism ⓘ