Pratyabhijñā school
E149272
The Pratyabhijñā school is a non-dual Shaiva philosophical tradition of Kashmir that emphasizes direct recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva).
All labels observed (5)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Pratyabhijñā | 2 |
| Pratyabhijna (recognition) | 1 |
| Pratyabhijna school | 1 |
| Pratyabhijñā school canonical | 1 |
| Pratyabhijñā school of Kashmir Shaivism | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T966919 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Pratyabhijñā school Context triple: [Abhinavagupta, philosophicalSchool, Pratyabhijñā school]
-
A.
Prabhakara school
The Prabhakara school is a major subtradition of the Mimamsa branch of Hindu philosophy, known for its distinctive theories of language, epistemology, and Vedic ritual exegesis.
-
B.
Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta is a major school of Hindu philosophy that teaches non-dualism, asserting the ultimate unity of the individual self (Atman) and the absolute reality (Brahman).
-
C.
Shuddhadvaita Vedanta
Shuddhadvaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, chiefly associated with Vallabhacharya, that teaches the oneness of the individual soul with a personal, all-loving God, especially in the form of Krishna.
-
D.
Vedanta
Vedanta is a major Hindu philosophical tradition that interprets and systematizes the teachings of the Upanishads, focusing on the nature of ultimate reality (Brahman) and the self (Atman).
-
E.
Samkhya
Samkhya is an ancient Indian philosophical system that explains reality through a dualism of consciousness (purusha) and matter (prakriti), forming one of the foundational schools of Hindu thought.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Pratyabhijñā school Target entity description: The Pratyabhijñā school is a non-dual Shaiva philosophical tradition of Kashmir that emphasizes direct recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva).
-
A.
Prabhakara school
The Prabhakara school is a major subtradition of the Mimamsa branch of Hindu philosophy, known for its distinctive theories of language, epistemology, and Vedic ritual exegesis.
-
B.
Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta is a major school of Hindu philosophy that teaches non-dualism, asserting the ultimate unity of the individual self (Atman) and the absolute reality (Brahman).
-
C.
Shuddhadvaita Vedanta
Shuddhadvaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, chiefly associated with Vallabhacharya, that teaches the oneness of the individual soul with a personal, all-loving God, especially in the form of Krishna.
-
D.
Vedanta
Vedanta is a major Hindu philosophical tradition that interprets and systematizes the teachings of the Upanishads, focusing on the nature of ultimate reality (Brahman) and the self (Atman).
-
E.
Samkhya
Samkhya is an ancient Indian philosophical system that explains reality through a dualism of consciousness (purusha) and matter (prakriti), forming one of the foundational schools of Hindu thought.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
Kashmir Shaivism tradition
ⓘ
non-dual Shaiva tradition ⓘ philosophical school ⓘ |
| associatedWith | Kashmir Shaivism ⓘ |
| centralConcept |
cit (consciousness)
ⓘ
spanda (vibration of consciousness) ⓘ svātantrya (absolute freedom of Śiva) ⓘ vimarśa (self-reflective awareness) ⓘ ābhāsa (manifestation/appearance) ⓘ |
| contrastsWith |
Advaita Vedanta
ⓘ
surface form:
Advaita Vedānta (regarding status of the world)
|
| coreDoctrine |
non-dualism
ⓘ
recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva) ⓘ Śiva as absolute consciousness ⓘ |
| developedInCentury |
10th century
ⓘ
9th century ⓘ |
| emphasis | direct recognition (pratyabhijñā) rather than gradual attainment ⓘ |
| epistemologicalView | self-recognition is the highest form of knowledge ⓘ |
| founder | Somānanda ⓘ |
| influenced |
Indian non-dualistic thought
ⓘ
later Kashmir Shaivism exegesis ⓘ |
| influencedBy |
Vijnana Bhairava Tantra
ⓘ
surface form:
Bhairava Tantras
Kashmir Shaivism ⓘ
surface form:
Trika Shaivism
Śaiva Āgamas ⓘ |
| keyPhilosopher |
Abhinavagupta
ⓘ
Kshemaraja ⓘ
surface form:
Kṣemarāja
Somānanda ⓘ Utpaladeva ⓘ |
| keyText |
Pratyabhijnahridayam
ⓘ
surface form:
Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam
Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā ⓘ Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā ⓘ
surface form:
Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vimarśinī
Īśvarapratyabhijñā-vivṛti-vimarśinī ⓘ Śivadṛṣṭi ⓘ |
| languageOfKeyTexts | Sanskrit ⓘ |
| mainRegion | Kashmir ⓘ |
| metaphysicalClaim |
individual self (jīva) is essentially identical with Śiva
ⓘ
Śiva is both transcendent and immanent ⓘ |
| methodOfRealization |
direct intuitive recognition
ⓘ
initiation and instruction by a guru ⓘ philosophical reflection ⓘ |
| philosophicalOrientation |
idealism
ⓘ
monism ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
aham (I-consciousness as divine)
ⓘ
anuttara (the supreme, unsurpassable reality) ⓘ |
| religiousPracticeContext | Śaiva tantric practice in Kashmir ⓘ |
| religiousTraditionOf | Hinduism ⓘ |
| viewOnBondage | bondage is due to ignorance of one’s true identity as Śiva ⓘ |
| viewOnLiberation | liberation is recognition of one’s identity with Śiva ⓘ |
| viewOnWorld | the world is a real manifestation of consciousness ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Pratyabhijñā school Description of subject: The Pratyabhijñā school is a non-dual Shaiva philosophical tradition of Kashmir that emphasizes direct recognition of one’s identity with absolute consciousness (Śiva).
Referenced by (6)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
this entity surface form:
Pratyabhijna (recognition)
this entity surface form:
Pratyabhijna school
this entity surface form:
Pratyabhijñā school of Kashmir Shaivism
this entity surface form:
Pratyabhijñā
this entity surface form:
Pratyabhijñā